Banking and finance law addresses the organization, ownership, and operation of banks and depository institutions, mortgage banks, other providers of financial services regulated or licensed by state or federal banking regulators, and holding companies (“bank and other financial organizations”). It also covers representation of bank and other financial organizations in lending transactions to borrowers and compliance with consumer and other laws involving all aspects of financial services provided by bank and other financial organizations. Banking and finance practices vary from firm to firm. A comprehensive banking and finance law practice includes advice and representation not only with respect to lending and regulatory compliance, but also with respect to fiduciary activities, securitizations, payment systems, electronic banking, data security, and risk management. It also covers mergers, corporate organizational and ownership issues involving holding companies, banks, and other regulated entities. Banking and finance practices require and therefore often include specialized capabilities in addressing litigation common to banks, such as class action litigation under consumer financial protection laws. On an ongoing basis, banking and finance lawyers assist their clients with responses to regulatory examinations and, on occasion, the resolution of enforcement actions.